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This Mulligan Monday is all about your grip and hands.

Start without a club and focus on your arms because they each do different things in a golf swing. Your left arm and hand both move in a chopping action back and forth. Your right hand and arm work more in a throwing motion.

Your left palm is facing down, and your right palm is facing forward.

On the backswing, your hands hinge back and then forward through impact. Swing your hands and arms back and forth. Feel the chopping action and throwing motion. That’s how the hands work together and are strong.

Your hands don’t roll, bow or twist together at impact.

GRIP AND HANDS

The swing is on a circle, not down the target line.

SWING ON A CIRCLE

Mike discusses how to not hit the ball fat when you practice the Left, Right, Left Drill, and push away.

A lot of this is about creating a feel. When Mike sets up for the Left, Right, Left Drill, he first goes left and pushes his left hip out of the way. Then, Mike’s left leg moves right on the backswing as his right leg and hip push back. He is back on his left foot and has plenty of time to push away on the downswing.

It is almost impossible to get to your left side too soon if you make a full-shoulder turn in the process. There are biomechanics out there that reinforce this idea.

Again, when you go left, right, left in your golf swing, by the time your right leg pushes you up to your left side, your club will be at the transition point and starting the downswing. Force is transferred to your left foot, and you will have lots of time to push away through the ball.

The timing of this drill is crucial. If you are late on this drill, you will hit everything fat. This action is just like hitting or throwing a baseball.

COMBINE WEIGHT SHIFT WITH PUSH AWAY

Your body off-sets momentum to feel in sync.

HOW THE BODY MOVES

From going broke to becoming #1 the tour.

FROM RAGS TO RICHES

Allowing the momentum of the club to direct you is very important. Practice making swings with less ofrearm rotation.

STAYING AWAY FROM FOREARM ROTATION

A Malaska Golf Member says he is left-handed when it comes to baseball, but he plays golf right-handed. He says his lead (left) hand is his control hand, and he wants to strengthen his trail (right) hand.

Mike says both hands have a role and a job. Mike sets up three balls and makes a swing with just his lead hand holding the club. Note the wrist action is more of a chopping motion. Mike hits the ball with only his left hand. He does this to feel how the club works and how the wrist releases into the ball.

Then Mike switches to his right hand and makes a practice swing. His right arm and hand release like a throwing motion.

Finally, Mike puts this all together with both hands on the club and hits the ball, allowing them to do what they should in unison.

Mike reiterates it isn’t about one hand or the other (right or left) but about using both in tandem. Working on this drill will help with your golf swing.

USING LEAD AND TRAIL HANDS

Knowing how the handle and bounce works are the first things to gain familiarity with for hitting these lob shots. Here's how you practice that.

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS FOR HITTING LOB SHOTS

Check your aim if your tendency is to twist.

GARRETT MOSS

A Malaska Golf Member wants to know if Mike uses the same grip when chipping around the green as he does when putting.

The answer is yes! If Mike spends time on the putting green, he will take his pitching wedge and use it to make putts. Mike will make 10, 20, and 30-footers and then putt the ball out. The ball gets in the air; however, he is not blading the ball using his putting stroke.  

Again, Mike is using his putting grip with his pitching wedge. In essence, he has a lofted putter. He will also use a 7 iron, and an 8 iron.

This helps Mike to chip around the green. If he can chip on a putting green, there isn’t a lie around the green from which he can’t chip.

Taking your putting grip and chipping with different clubs on the green is going to make you a better chipper. This will also give you the confidence to chip around the edge of the green.

Paul Runyan gave Mike the idea to practice this when he struggled with chipping. Mike does this exercise, and it works well for him.

Again, take your putting grip and make putting strokes with a lofted club. This will help you chip from around the green.

YOUR PUTTING AND CHIPPING GRIP ARE THE SAME

A Malaska Golf Member has a question about a video that Ashley Malaska Moss did on the L to L Drill.Mike Malaska explains that many of the drills are slight exaggerations. When you do the L to L, you move from the ‘L’ on the backswing to ‘L’ on the follow-through and hold that position. However, if your body stops, the momentum of the club swinging through will cause the club to turn or flip over.Mike demonstrates from straight-on, where you can see the rotation in his arms. This is what they were asking about.When Mike does the L to L, he doesn’t swing hard and holds the ‘L’ on both sides. That way, his arms are stopping, and he is able to do the drill.If he goes to full speed while doing the L to L, then some rotation in the arms will happen. The momentum of the club will take over as it swings through on the follow-through.Again, drills are exaggerations. Mike actually likes to see people do the L to L drill while loosely holding the club in their fingers. Mike explains that this is so that you can feel the momentum and weight of the club, making your wrists hinge, unhinge, and rehinge. This is better than trying to hold the club too tight and start hanging on the club with your shoulders. Drills like the ‘Look Cool’ drill help you create the momentum of the club.Start holding the club loosely, then add a little structure and tension until you find the correct pressure when doing the L to L. That’s how you build it.Remember, the L to L is a slight exaggeration. Some things wouldn’t happen in full swing. Mike also notes that because your body stops, your wrists will rehinge earlier than they would in full swing.The L to L is there for a reason and is a slight exaggeration, but if you master it, it will pay big dividends.

L TO L IS AN EXAGGERATION

Mike talks with a Malaska Golf member about what encourages him to teach and draws on his shared experience of golfing after being injured.

GOLF AFTER INJURY

On the range players tend to hit ball way to quickly. There is a place and time for repetition. But if you want to see where you are in the game relative to playing. Then once you get a feel for your swing. Then put at least one minute between each shoot. Then you will start to see what is going to happen on the course. The biggest difference between the range and the course is time between shots. So put time between each shot. Watch what it did. If you like it replay it in your mind. If you do not like it then make a correction. Make some practice swings. Then see if the corrections you are making work.

PRACTICE TIME BETWEEN SHOTS

A Malaska Golf Member has a question about forward press, where at setup, you push your hips a little open and then swing back.Mike has studied the history of golf, which started in the 1800s, the original teachers and what they did, and numerous videos. Mike was on a quest to find out what happened to his swing after he finished playing professionally.&nbsp;Mike has studied from the beginning what these guys learned and how the swing developed based on equipment and all the different variables.Mike returned to the member's question about forward press. He said about 90% of golfers up until 1982 had a slight forward press. The reason for this is that they wanted to start the swing with some sort of ‘kick start.’Then someone decided you shouldn’t forward press after getting into the setup position. The new thought was to bounce or take a deep breath to start your swing. According to Mike, this was from someone who wasn’t even a golfer.This new setup didn’t even get you into an athletic motion; it just froze you up.Dr. Kwon, a prominent biomechanist, says when you set up to the ball, you should go left to go right to go left. This concept Mike has been preaching for years.&nbsp;Mike demonstrates the motion. Mike uses the analogy of other sports to reinforce this idea. In basketball, if you are guarding someone and they move right, then you have to go left first to go right, and the opposite is true if they go left. This is how sports work.Back to golf, Mike says if you want your backswing to go to the right, you have to go left to go right. Doing this gets the sequence moving and gets you where you aren’t static.What Mike does is he has a little left to right to go left in his swing. When he does this, it times his swing, and he is not starting from a static position.Having a slight kickstart, like Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, Lee Trevino, Tom Watson, Bobby Jones, or Ben Hogan, is probably a good thing. Mike thinks it’s crazy that we stopped doing this, and now everyone is putting it into their swings.Mike is a big proponent of this because it triggers the motion athletically.

TRIGGER YOUR BACKSWING

Know how to use the ground to make confident chipping and pitching shots.

LEARN HOW TO USE THE GROUND

On long irons, rescues and fairway woods you want very small amount of downward hit. Weight is more in your trail foot and the ball is slightly more froward in your stance. This makes it easy to hit the ball then jus slightly brush the ground in-front off the ball. You still want a downward hit but very slight.

RESCUES AND FAIRWAY WOODS

Flip the driver around and hold it at the hosel. Make swings with the handle of the club and switch back. You want to feel the weight and the arc.

FEEL FOR THE DRIVER

In this first video of the Player Lesson series, Mike Malaska works with Jimmy Pearcy to uncover the unique elements of his "golf DNA" and build upon them to improve his game. Jimmy, a 24-handicap golfer, is eager to find more consistency in his swing, stay in play off the tee, and reduce his reliance on scrambling. His ultimate goal is to lower his handicap and enjoy a more reliable golf game.The lesson begins with Jimmy sharing his background and objectives, explaining that he struggles with striking the ball consistently and often finds himself out of position on the course. Mike, ever focused on personalized coaching, takes the time to understand Jimmy not only as a golfer but as a learner and a person. Through their conversation, Mike learns that Jimmy is analytical and thrives on structure, preferring to follow clear, step-by-step instructions when learning new skills. This insight shapes how Mike approaches the lesson, ensuring that he delivers information in a way that resonates with Jimmy.Jimmy also shares his professional journey, transitioning from a career in education to consulting in technology sales for school districts. His ability to bridge the gap between administrators and technical staff reflects his knack for understanding and communicating complex ideas—a trait that influences how he learns and processes golf instruction. Mike uses this as a foundation to explain how learning styles vary and why it’s essential to present information in a way that aligns with a person’s natural tendencies.To gain a better understanding of Jimmy’s physical movements and natural athleticism, Mike engages him in a series of simple yet revealing exercises. Using a baseball bat, Mike has Jimmy simulate swings and practice tapping a tree to observe his range of motion and body coordination. He also asks Jimmy to throw golf balls into the fairway, further analyzing how his body moves during these actions. Through these exercises, Mike identifies that Jimmy’s hips, shoulders, and arms tend to move together in unison, with minimal separation. This finding highlights the influence of Jimmy’s athletic background, which includes over a decade of playing travel softball after college.During the session, Jimmy mentions a torn labrum in his hip and ongoing tightness, which affects his range of motion. Mike reassures him that these physical traits are not a limitation but rather factors that must be considered when refining his golf swing. He critiques the common industry approach of forcing all players into a standard model, emphasizing instead the importance of tailoring instruction to fit each golfer’s unique biomechanics and natural tendencies.Mike introduces the concept of "golf DNA" to explain how each player’s natural movement patterns, athletic history, and physical traits form the foundation of their ideal golf swing. For Jimmy, his softball background and instinctive coordination provide a strong starting point. Rather than attempting to overhaul these patterns, Mike’s goal is to build upon them, adapting techniques that feel natural and effective for Jimmy.Throughout the lesson, Mike’s coaching philosophy becomes evident. He focuses on leveraging the strengths and abilities Jimmy already possesses, rather than attempting to mold him into an arbitrary ideal. By aligning the swing with Jimmy’s natural motions and respecting his physical limitations, Mike ensures that the changes are both practical and sustainable.This initial session provides Jimmy with valuable insights into his game and his learning process. He gains a deeper appreciation for how his unique "golf DNA" influences his swing and begins to understand how to work with, rather than against, his natural tendencies. With Mike’s guidance, Jimmy is set on a path to achieving greater consistency and lowering his handicap by playing to his strengths.

UNDERSTANDING YOUR GOLF DNA

Flop shots are easiest when the ball is sitting up.

FIRST CONSIDERATION - CHECK THE LIE

Determining where your swing bottoms out is how you decide on ball position. Learning to hit the sand in the same place is critical to consistent bunker shots. Draw a line and hit the line. That is a very important skill.

ANGLE OF APPROACH & THE LOW POINT OF THE SWING

Mike introduces the importance of finding and keeping a light grip pressure.

LIGHT GRIP PRESSURE

Tom Sorenson helped me tons when I was a kid. Learn how Nibley Park changed my life.

STAYING OUT OF TROUBLE AT NIBLEY PARK

This week's Mulligan Monday is all about working on your setup.

Using three alignment sticks, form a "T" shape with the sticks. Place a tee on a ball where the sticks intersect. 

First, place your right foot into the lower right quadrant. 

Second, set your grip and address the ball. 

Third, drop your left foot in the lower left quadrant. 

Four, drop you're your right foot back. Make your backswing from there.

This setup practice routine is like a dance step: one, two, three, four, and swing the club.

Tour Players have a similar routine.

A DANCE STEP CALLED SETUP

When we talk about release. We are not taking about letting go of the club. We are talking about how your hands direct the momentum of the club to the ball. And how they react to that momentum as the club goes through the ball and into the finish. So the question is how do your hands work or direct the momentum of the club.

RELEASE THE CLUB

Hi everyone, I'm Billy Fitzgerald, a Malaska Certified Instructor. Tom Pivotone writes in with a question about posture and what he's been reading. I'll demonstrate, but essentially, he keeps reading that people shouldn’t push their hip sockets back.Tom notes that for balance, once you get into your posture, you should flex your knees to get off your toes, putting your weight on the balls of your feet. However, from my teaching experience, I’ve found that if I flex my knees to bring my heels down more, it locks up my hips, which is critical to avoid in the golf swing.I need my hips to move freely to create space for my arms and allow for a proper turn. For the typical golfer, this locked-hip position is one of the biggest mistakes, as it restricts movement. If we can set up correctly before the swing begins, we’re already one step closer to better performance.To establish the correct posture, start by standing straight up. Your toes should be on the ground, but without gripping or lifting. Maintain that feeling as you lean over the golf ball. To counterbalance your posture, begin by pushing your hip sockets back, which lets your shoulders move forward. You don’t need excessive knee flex—just enough to feel grounded without locking your hips.For a good setup, hold the club out in front of you, push your hip sockets back, and let your shoulders move forward. In this position, your hips are free to move, so when you swing back or forward, your hips can clear away from the ball, giving your arms room to swing.Remember, the posture you take to the course has to make sense and allow for athletic movement. Too much knee flex will lock up parts of your body, making it difficult to play your best. Aim for a functional posture—it's the foundation for better golf.

FREE YOUR HIPS WITH KEY POSTURE

The club length doesn't matter much if you are a shorter player. Many shorter tour players used standard-sized clubs. However, your swing arc will be on a slightly different swing plane and less vertical than a taller player.

With all the varying heights of players, their golf clubs typically only go from one-half to one inch under or one to two inches over standard-sized clubs.

The key when you hold the club is not to hold the club at the end of the handle. Holding the club at the end of the handle tends to move around and tear your glove. 

Your little finger should be about an inch from the end of the club; the cap shouldn't be touching your hand. You will find that you have much more control of the club. It is like having a counterbalance weight on the end of the club.

If you choke down on the club, you won't lose too much distance in your shots, but you will have more control of the club.

HOW TO PUT THE CLUB IN YOUR HANDS

Golf has a lot in common with almost all sports. Being good at other sports can benefit your golf swing.

CONNECTING OTHER SPORTS TO GOLF

The tour players release feels "under" after impact.

THE TOUR PLAYER RELEASE

Mike Malaska talks about learning to understand the teeing ground. Golf architects challenge golfers with how they design the teeing grounds, the angles and tricks they play on your eyes, and the ability to aim the ball.

Mike sets up some alignment sticks to show where the teeing ground is aimed. It almost lines up with a house on the right. If you look at the tee markers, they're aimed toward the golf cart. Your brain is trying to line up to 90-degree angles.

If you get out of your golf cart and come up to the teeing ground letting it dictate where you aim, then you will be so far right on your shot.

You need to pay attention to the teeing ground. Mike has an alignment stick set up to where you should aim the ball, and that's different from the tee markers.

Mike looks for a parallel line to create a 90-degree angle, and the alignment stick in front of the ball becomes his line. Mike uses the line on top of the ball to aim where he wants it to start relative to his curve, so the ball ends on the fairway.

When Mike sets up to the ball, he has a 90-degree angle to aim. Mike makes a nice swing down the left of the fairway.

Don't be fooled by the beautiful tee markers. They are not doing you any favors with alignment. The teeing ground and tee markers aren't necessarily pointed in the direction you want your ball to go.

Study the teeing ground to find the right angle to hit your ball onto the fairway.

UNDERSTANDING THE TEEING GROUND

Either place a band around your hips and connect it to the ground or a cable system connected to your belt buckle. Then create tension in the cable. It is now pulling your towards it. Then start your backswing and increase the tension in the cable or band. Notice where your force goes in your trail foot. Towards the inside of your trail heel. Then start to rotate back to the start point. Keeping the tension in the cable. Now move onto your lead leg and continue to push away or create more tension in the cable as you move to the follow through side. Again your instinct to keep tension in the cable will give you the feel for your swing.

CABLE PULL

If your knees bend too much, you will create tension. Practice standing normally.

BALANCING WITH YOUR KNEES

SMASH FACTOR-TEE DRILL

IN THE CLUBHOUSE WITH FRIENDS, PLAYERS AND LEGENDS
Sometimes the best part of the game is talking about the game. Find out what’s really going on inside players’ heads. Hear the stories that become legends firsthand. Get a better understanding of the mental side of the game, the highs and lows. Explore what players and instructors think about how the game is taught, practiced and played. This is how I end every day at the course. Now, it’s here for you to enjoy as well. These are the clubhouse conversations that keep the game going long after the sun has set and the clubs have been put away.

GOLF TALK

Don't focus too much on exactly when your wrists hinge. Let the momentum of the club do it for you.

WRIST EXTENSION

Set up is a skill. You need to be in a position where your body is ready to move. To achieve this first you need to know what balance feels liked. When you stand if you are on balance your toes are quiet. If they are grabbing or lifting you are not in balance. Then you need to push your hips back. Your knees stay over your ankles but your hips move back which angles your upper body. Then you use a club down the front of your body. You bend first. The club will go between your legs. You then tilt so that the club touches your lead leg. This is because your trail hand is lower on the club than your lead hand. Now you are in a position to move any direction. Plus your structural muscles are relaxed so it is easy to rotate your body.

POSTURE

AIM AND ALIGNMENT

Take a ball and just throw it overhand. That action is the same action your trail arm does in a golf swing. It is a universal action in sports. Wether you are throwing a ball. Or shooting a basketball. Or throwing a bowling ball. The wrist and hand works the same. If you take that same over hand throw. Then throw side arm then under handed. You start to feel how your hand and arm works on different planes. Put that same action into your golf swing. The other thing is that when you throw a ball there is no tension in your shoulder socket. That should be the same in a golf swing. 

THROW DRILL

In the fourth video of the Player Lesson series, Mike Malaska shifts his focus to one of the most fundamental elements of the golf swing: the grip. This session emphasizes how the way a golfer holds the club directly impacts every aspect of their swing, from power and control to ball flight and consistency. For Jimmy Pearcy, learning to perfect his grip is a transformative step in his journey to improving his game.Mike begins by explaining that the grip is the connection between the golfer and the club, and getting it right is essential. He walks Jimmy through a step-by-step process for properly positioning his hands. Starting with the left hand, Mike instructs Jimmy to grip the club in his fingers rather than his palm. The hand should fold naturally over the club, with the thumb resting gently along the side. The right hand then fits snugly over the left thumb, with the "V" formed by the thumb and index finger of both hands pointing toward the same spot.Mike emphasizes a critical checkpoint for grip alignment: when Jimmy looks down, he should see three knuckles on his left hand. This alignment ensures that the wrist and forearm are positioned to support the natural movement of the clubface. Mike warns that if this alignment is off, the rest of the swing will falter, making it impossible to strike the ball consistently.To illustrate the role of grip in swing mechanics, Mike draws on analogies from other sports. He describes how a baseball player grips a bat to generate leverage and power. Similarly, in golf, the grip allows the wrists and hands to act as levers, creating speed and control. Mike shows Jimmy how this lever system works by having him practice a "lever-and-hit" motion, where the hands guide the club into the ball with a fluid release.As Jimmy practices, Mike identifies an issue with tension in his grip. He explains that excessive tightness robs the swing of speed and power. A relaxed grip, on the other hand, allows the club to move naturally, maximizing both efficiency and control. Using a series of drills, Mike encourages Jimmy to let the weight of the clubhead dictate the motion, focusing on a smooth hinge and release of the wrists.Mike connects these concepts to ball flight and spin control, introducing Jimmy to the idea of shaping shots. Just as a tennis player learns to apply topspin for greater control and precision, a golfer must master the clubface to produce a consistent draw. Mike explains that a proper grip ensures the clubface aligns correctly at impact, allowing Jimmy to hit powerful, controlled shots that start slightly to the right and curve back toward the target.The lesson continues with Jimmy hitting shots while applying these principles. Initially, he struggles to adjust, but as he loosens his grip and focuses on the lever action, his swings become more fluid and powerful. He begins to hit solid shots with less effort, a testament to the effectiveness of a proper grip and relaxed motion.Throughout the session, Mike emphasizes the importance of practicing the fundamentals. He reminds Jimmy that the grip is the foundation of a successful swing and that consistent practice is key to making it second nature. He advises Jimmy to spend time hitting balls into his net at home, focusing on his grip and the lever system until it becomes an automatic part of his swing.By the end of the lesson, Jimmy experiences the difference that a correct grip can make. He learns that the hands and wrists play a crucial role in controlling the clubface and generating power. With Mike’s guidance, Jimmy begins to see how mastering his grip can unlock greater consistency, accuracy, and distance in his game.This session marks a significant milestone in Jimmy’s journey. By focusing on the grip, Mike equips Jimmy with a foundational skill that will improve every aspect of his swing. With this newfound knowledge and practice, Jimmy is poised to take his game to the next level.

PERFECT YOUR GRIP STEP BY STEP

How the clubface directs the ball with the leading edge.

A-HA MOMENTS - 201707

Consistently position the ball where your swing bottoms out.

BALL POSITION

The golf swing is like a tug of war. You are constantly offsetting the force of the club. As it starts to swing back you are pushing forward. Once the club changes directions you are again constantly pushing away from it. So your body becomes and offsetting and stabilizing force for the club. As the club swings through impact you are pushing back and away from it. The same happens throughout the follow through. This is something you do daily. Once you understand it the swing starts to time itself.

TUG OF WAR

Learning to love practice is learning to love improvement

LEARNING TO LOVE PRACTICE

Take the club and turn it around. Hold the club head end. Swing the club back and forth. Try to feel the weight of the club as it swings and the arch it is in. Then turn the club around hold the grip end and do the same thing. It will be much easier to feel the force in the club as it swings. And the arch it is in. Next do the same thing but let the weight and force in the club make your wrists hinge unhinge and rehinge.

WEIGHT OF THE CLUBHEAD

When you set up to the ball you need to make sure that your eye line and your shoulder line are parallel to your target line. You can also have hips and feet parallel but the most important is to make sure that your eyes and shoulders are parallel. This is critical because your club will tend to follow your eye line.

ALIGNMENT

Kory Budinger joins Mike Malaska at Superstition Mountain for a one-on-one lesson.

KORY BUDINGER

Most people don't know what the change of directions feels like. Practice other sports to get a better feel.

DIRECTIONS & SWING STRATEGY

Wrist flexion and extension and the range of motion in your hands and wrists are essential in hinging your wrists in the golf swing.

WRIST FLEXION AND EXTENSION

Pitch and chip shots require face control. Practice adding loft to the face.

OFF GREEN PUTTING

Use the momentum of the club to create your backswing.

FRONT LOADER DRILL

In this lesson, Mike Malaska works with Billy Fitzgerald to correct the initial movement of the backswing. Mike points out that both he and Billy have developed a habit where their forearm’s external rotation locks up early in the swing, which affects the shoulder and causes the club to go up and across the line. Mike explains that without unlocking this movement and re-engaging the scapula, it becomes difficult for Billy to recover in the downswing, leading to rerouting and inconsistent shots. By focusing on keeping the club on the correct path, Billy can avoid these issues.Mike emphasizes the importance of using momentum properly throughout the swing. He instructs Billy to let the club move back while keeping the handle straight, ensuring the arc remains steep enough to allow for smooth directional changes. By doing so, Billy can avoid letting his arms get pulled in, which would disrupt the swing. Mike demonstrates how maintaining this momentum allows the club to stay in a natural arc, leading to more consistent ball contact and a powerful, controlled swing.Mike uses Rory McIlroy’s swing as an example to explain the importance of early movements. Rory, like Billy, has struggled with his arms getting too deep, which affects his consistency. Mike tells Billy that if he can focus on getting the first two feet of his backswing right, it will set up the rest of the swing. He shows Billy how to set his wrists and externally rotate his arm early on, so he can load properly and then just turn back and hit the ball with confidence.As the lesson progresses, Mike draws on his experience as a former pitcher, explaining how incorporating natural athletic instincts can improve the swing. He tells Billy that by using the natural load of his wrists and arms, similar to pitching, he can create forward force and keep his swing in sync. Mike encourages Billy to focus on maintaining that load and smooth movement throughout the backswing and downswing for better control and consistency.Finally, Mike stresses the importance of arm and club positioning. He explains to Billy that if his arms get too deep too soon, the club will reroute and fall off the intended path. By keeping his arms and club moving away in sync, Billy can prevent the swing from going over the top and losing control. Mike’s adjustments help Billy maintain the right path for the clubhead, ensuring more consistent, powerful shots.